Biomass can indicate a wide range of sources of organic materials that can be converted to energy (bioenergy), ranging from agricultural byproducts, consumer waste and woody or cellulosic biomass from either forest thinning activities or harvesting or sustainable biomass crops.

The Mariposa Biomass project expects to obtain mainly woody or cellulosic biomass from clearing trees and brush around public infrastructure, public utility right-of-ways and thinning of the forested areas along the 140 and 49 corridors in Mariposa County. The expected sources include Yosemite National Park, Sierra and Stanislaus National Forests, land managed by the Bureau of Land Management, private land owners, and commercial tree/brush cutting operations. The economic model for similar biomass operations in California includes payment for forest-based biomass, thus helping to defray transportation costs. The general rule of thumb is that biomass for use in bioenergy can be hauled for 30 to 50 miles and still be economically viable, however, the closer the biomass facility is to the source of the biomass, the less expense incurred.

The emphasis of our project at the beginning was focused on how to obtain value for the small diameter forest products, slash and trees less than 6 inches in diameter, that inevitably arise from any forest thinning or timber harvesting activities, especially those aimed at reducing fire risk. We hoped that by creating a value for the slash and small diameter trees, forest thinning activities aimed at creating a healthy forest, rather than clear cutting (pictured above), would be more economically viable and would preserve habitat and enhance recreation in the area. In such thinning activities, some larger diameter timber may well be available for sawlogs. Now with tree mortality rampant in our area, we have a new opportunity to use the dead trees that need to be removed for public safety as a source of fuel.

There are many opinions on this question. For the sake of this discussion, we define a healthy forest as a forest with two primary attributes: Resiliency and Diversity. Resiliency means that a wildfire can pass through the forest without utterly destroying it. That means few if any trees are killed, some brushy areas will survive, and some habitat will remain. Diversity is of three kinds: Plant diversity, wildlife diversity, and forest structure diversity. There are different forest structures: park-like, open, dense, understory (brushy, limbs on the ground), etc. We need to aim toward diversity – a mosaic – of forest structures. The size of each piece could range from an acre, to several acres, to several hundred acres. Diversity of forest structure helps resiliency, and it fosters plant and wildlife diversity as well. Achieving structural diversity is of absolute importance to having plant and wildlife diversity.

There is no doubt that many of our forests have become significantly overgrown through misguided fire suppression efforts and neglect. According to Prof. Roger Bales of the University of California at Merced, if one compares today's forests to photos of historical forests where frequent wildfires controlled growth, today's forests have about twice the biomass and about four times the number of stems. This would suggest that historical healthy forests had a greater percentage of large trees compared to current forests that have an excess of younger trees and underbrush. Restoring forest health will therefore involve removing much of the small diameter trees and underbrush while retaining many of the more mature trees, thus increasing the importance of obtaining value for small diameter trees and slash.

In many cases, government entities that are doing the forest thinning will have their own standards, such as the Forest Service's GTR-220.

Fuel reduction, when planned and practiced properly, can achieve the kind of mosaic described above that promotes resiliency and diversity. That means creating some park-like areas and some open areas in place of dense areas and understory areas, but being careful to leave some of those areas untreated.

The simple answer is "yes it does". But the issue is much more complex than that. Our forests have been deprived of fire for decades, allowing a very heavy build-up of flammable materials (brush, limbs too close to the ground, dead wood, pine needles, and the like) to occur. This build-up means that when a fire does occur, a forest can be completely destroyed, and there will be no habitat left whatsoever. Removing some (not all) of that fuel, while it decreases habitat, will prevent the total destruction of the forest (and all habitat) in case of a wildfire. Wildfire is a certainty… it is only a question of when.

The relationship between trees and water production in our watersheds is complex. On the one hand, trees pull water from the ground and return it to the atmosphere and so fewer trees mean less water is lost via evapotranspiration. Trees also capture snow in the canopy and that snow may evaporate (sublime) before it ever hits the ground. On the other hand, trees protect the snowpack from melting, especially at low sun angles, thus preserving the snowpack and delaying snowpack melt. The most significant effect of forest density on water production and timing is at higher elevations where, historically at least, the snowpack forms. According to Prof. Roger Bales of the University of California at Merced, with a 50% reduction in biomass at 7000 ft elevation, we would expect to see a 10-30% increase in stream flow, as was recently pointed out in a Sacramento Bee Viewpoints by Mariposa resident, Tom DeVries.

That is a very good question and we have asked the Forest Service for opinion about this issue. Their response was, Take all the nutrition our of the forest you wish. Take even more. The forest floor has plenty of nutrition". So it seems that in the short-term this is not a problem, but it is worth remembering as an issue for the future.

No. There is no intention to ban burn piles or prescribed burns. We realize that many areas of the county will not have convenient access to roads or the slopes maybe too steep to make trucking slash to the facility practical. We hope to change to economics so that anyone wanting to drop off slash at the facility could receive a modest payment rather than paying a tipping fee as is currently the case at the Solid Waste Facility.

As to prescribed burns in the forest, that will most likely be the lowest cost and most natural way to maintain the forest, especially once the excess fuel has been removed. The problem with prescribed burns is that there are few windows each year when the conditions are right to do these burns safely. While burn piles and prescribed burns will likely always be part of rural life, the smoke from those burns causes health problems and the air quality impacts have to be taken into account by the local air quality boards.

If there is a biomass facility in Mariposa County, we hope that large forest clearing projects as well as individuals maintaining their defensible space would take advantage of the opportunity to diversify Mariposa's economy while making clean green energy and valuable byproducts.

No, in fact, there are over 100 biomass plants in California today, some idle, but most are in operation and many use either agricultural products or forest slash. Most of these existing biomass plants were built in the 80s and 90s and were based on combustion or burning biomass to create energy. We refer to these plants as "your fathers biomass plants" as a way of suggesting that we are proposing something new.

Burning wood is inherently "dirty" from an air pollution point of view and these earlier biomass plants would not meet current California air quality standards for particulates and NOx without expensive scrubbers that are not financially viable for smaller plants.

There have been two 12.5 megawatt biomass facilities in operation in Chowchilla and El Nido for many years. The El Nido plant is at the junction of 59 with Sandy Mush road. These plants are a good example of a traditional combustion-based biomass facility built in the 80s. And yes, in 2011 they received a very large fine for violating clean air standards. The El Nido plant, however is back in operation today with improved air pollution controls. The 2.4 megawatt pyrolysis-based biomass we are considering will meet all current air quality standards as pyrolysis or gasification of biomass is inherently a much cleaner process.

As you may have read above, many biomass plants were built about 30 years ago and at the time received favorable contracts with power providers such as PG&E. Those contracts are now expiring and the older biomass plants find that they cannot compete in the current energy market as the price of natural gas has gone down fairly significantly. An older biomass plant manager was recently quoted a saying that we have to pay for our fuel while wind an solar is free, so we need subsidies to help pay for our fuel. AB 590 seeks to address this problem and that is a good thing. While some of the answers above have criticized these older plants as not being as "green" as one might possibly like, many these plants do provide a way for disposal of agricultural waste and byproducts in a way that is much more environmentally sound than simply burning those same waste product in open piles in the fields. And since these plants pay farmers for that waste, eliminating those plants and payments would just make the situation that much worse for farmers currently also struggling with the drought.

The situation we are facing is a bit brighter as SB 1122 will allow biomass plants using biomass sustainably harvested from our forests to obtain very favorable contracts under the BioMAT program. SB 1122 contracts will be sold in a auction, which has now started, and we should be able to obtain a 10 to 20 year contract at a favorable rate.

It should also be noted that under the BioRAM program, at the time of this writing, six of these older larger biomass plants have now obtained favorable contracts that allow them to resume or continue operation if they are willing to take forest biomass from high hazard zones associated with tree mortality as the source for at least 50% of their fuel.

Of particular interest to Mariposa Biomass Project are biomass reactors that use pyrolysis or gasification (thermal decomposition in the absence of oxygen) to produce energy, rather than one that uses combustion (burning the biomass in the presence of oxygen). A typical gassifier, such as the one used by Phoenix Energy in Merced is shown on the right.

Gasification facilities can be operated in such a way as to convert the hydrogen in the biomass and some or all of the carbon into syngas (a synthetic gas composed largely of hydrogen gas, methane and carbon monoxide), which can be cleaned up, then be burned in reciprocating engine coupled to a generator to produce electricity, all while meeting current air quality standards.

Depending on the time and temperare of the pyrolysis process, the carbon in the biomass is either converted to electricity or left as biochar or charcoal, just like has happened in charcoal kilns for thousands of years.

While larger biomass plants achieve reasonable efficiency using combustion, steam boilers and steam turbines, these technologies do not scale well to community scale biomass plants in terms on efficiency, labor costs, and general financial viability. Pyrolysis or gasification and use of the syngas produced in a reciprocating engine designed for natural gas seems to be the best bet right now for small-scale biomass plants.

See what a modern modular multi-stage gasifier looks like in the question about the Cortus WoodRoll process below.

Because pyrolysis-based biomass facilities reduce the particulate and NOx pollution associated with burning slash, either in the forest or in a combustion-based biomass facility, pyrolysis-based biomass facilities are a win for public health and the environment.

A ½ MW biomass/biochar facility (pictured on right) designed and operated by Phoenix Energy has been in operation in Merced for several years now and they are selling their biochar for agricultural uses. There are a number of other < 200 kW pyrolysis-base plants located in the State, one of whom uses fuel cells to generate their electricity.

There are California biomass/biochar sites in the planning stages, including the proposed facilities in Camptonville, Lake Tahoe, Wilseyville and North Fork. Please see the Links page for other articles about these sites.

The answer is, it depends.

There has been a fair number of news articles lately, such as this one on Climate Central, about the wood pellet industry and the fact that we are harvesting trees in the U.S. to make wood pellets for use as fuel in power plants in Europe and Asia. In fact the majority of “renewable energy” in Europe comes from burning wood, and according to Climate Central article, the power plants burning the wood are getting tax credits aimed at mitigating climate change, and yet the article alleges that those plants making climate change worse! The article claims that wood-based energy exploits a loophole that allows wood to be considered renewable to the detriment of our planet?

So why are we considering a biomass plant in Mariposa? Should we be shutting down all the biomass plants in the Central Valley that burn agricultural waste, e.g. orchard trimming, almond shells and peach pits because burning biomass is contributing to global warming? The answers to these questions are not simple and include analysis of the fuel sources and the alternatives for disposal of various biomass waste streams, and the fact that one does not need to burn the biomass and release all the carbon to make electricity. One can use other technologies that actually help reverse climate change rather than exacerbating it. The devil is in the details. So what is the truth and how does the Mariposa Biomass Project fit into all this? Click here to find out.

It is also often mentioned that biomass facilities produce more CO2 per kilowatt hour of electricity than power plants with other fuel sources. While this is true in general, if the fuel involved was dead and down wood or trees and brush that needed to be removed for reasons of public safety, the carbon in that wood would be released within a matter of a few years anyway, if left to rot in the forest or burned in a burn pile or air curtain burner. We feel that deriving electricity from dead and down wood, as we will be doing, especially given tree mortality, can be considered carbon neutral as it is not releasing carbon that would not be otherwise be release in the near future. Furthermore we will generate electricity that is considered by the State to be renewable baseload energy - not intermittent like wind and solar, but available 24/7/365 - displacing the need to use fossil fuels for that same energy. The details matter.

Environmental groups have been opposed to biomass for a number of reasons. First as pointed out above, some biomass projects involve cutting down live trees specifically for use as fuel and that biomass in pressed into pellets and shipped long distances for use in “green” energy facilities. We would agree that this use of biomass is neither clean or green as that ability to sequester carbon may take 50 to 100 years to recover. Read more about his here.

Environmental groups such as the Center for Biological Diversity and the National Resource Defense Council have also considered biomass as an euphemism or "Trojan Horse" for clear cutting. The fear is that once such a facility is established, it will provide economic incentive to remove more fuel from the forest than is needed for forest health and fire safety. When a tree or brush is removed from the forest and burned, one not only releases the carbon already sequester by that tree, but one also eliminates the ability of that tree to sequester carbon in the future. So a good rule of thumb is that no tree should be cut or removed from the forest solely for the purpose of creating bioenergy.

If however, that tree or brush needs to be removed for other purposes, e.g. fire safely, then it is far better, to the extent practical, to use that biomass to create electricity and biochar rather than to burn it in place. It is therefore critical to size any biomass facility on the sustainable level of fuel from the forest, rather than on the peak level of fuel that we have currently available due to tree mortality. In all of our talks about the project we try and say that we never want to hear the captain say, “Scotty, we need more power; go cut down some trees”. We want to size our plant so that will not have to happen.

For most of two years, we considered various options and technologies for our biomass plant, but they never “penciled out” in terms of profitable operation. Then we were introduced to Cortus Energy, a Swedish company that had developed and patented a unique technology they called the WoodRoll® process. We have selected Cortus Energy to be our technology partner in developing a biomass plant in Mariposa County and have signed a development agreement with them,

We selected Cortus for a variety of reasons including:

Efficiency, in kWh of electricity per bone dry ton of fuel, that was 60% greater than other technologies we were considering

High level of automation lowered labor costs

Very clean high-BTU syngas with no tars allows efficient and reliable operation - greater availability and lower maintenance costs

Efficient use of water and “waste heat”

Integral drying stage allows all weather operation

Ability to convert all of the carbon to electricity or divert some for biochar as the market for biochar develops

Cortus was willing to build, own and operate the plant and be the majority equity holder

We are planning on building a 2.4 MW biomass plant.

The main building that houses the gasifier will be 87’ by 36’ or about 3,100 square feet in area. (Exact size subject to change.) There are also several smaller buildings, such as the one that houses the generators and an office building. The structures will occupy less than 3% of the ~5 acres of land we recently acquired. The main structure is similar in footprint to many of the houses and outbuildings in the Mykleoaks housing area across highway 49, and smaller than several of the existing buildings in the Industrial Park. It is much smaller than that the main building at the nearby County Solids Waste facility that is over 300 feet long.

In accordance with the established requirements of the Mariposa Industrial Park, the buildings, pictured above, will be painted a neutral color to blend into the landscape (not the gray in the drawing above). The 40’ height is within the building height requirements established for the industrial park when the County set aside this area for industrial development.

Our proposed 2.4 MW plant is very different in size and technology than the biomass plants established 30 year ago, such as the plants in Chinese Station, Fresno, Merced, Chowchilla, etc., that are much larger - 12-25 MW.

The Cortus WoodRoll process uses a unique two-stage gasification with an integral drying stage to produce a syngas for the generator engine with a high BTU content as it contains a high percentage of hydrogen gas, and little nitrogen. The two stage gasification also produces a syngas without the tars that often cause high engine maintenance costs with other pyrolysis-based biomass technologies.

As can be seen in the diagram above, the woody biomass starts in an integral drying stage so that the biomass entering the pyrolysis chamber is relatively dry. Water from this drying stage is condensed for use as process water in the steam gasification stage. The pyrolysis chamber produces a synthetic gas as well as char. In some biomass technologies this syngas is sent to the engine/generator. and the char used as biochar. HOwever, with the WoodRoll® process, the char is pulverized and then gasified using steam as the oxidant in the gasification stage or gasifier.

Since the steam-carbon or steam reformation reaction in this stage is endothermic (requires energy), it is driven by burning the pyrolysis gas to indirectly heat the char and drive the endothermic chemical reaction. This energy is not lost as the resultant syngas contains not only the energy inherent in the char, but also captures much of the energy from the pyrolysis gas. Thus sysgas from the gasification stage contains mostly hydrogen and carbon monoxide gases with little nitrogen, and has a high BTU content that is consistent with the requirements of engines designed to burn natural gas. The syngas is cooled before it goes to the engine and water is also condensed at this stage for use as process water. Thus the whole process is very efficient in both fuel efficiency and water use.

In our early planning and our fuel availability study, we assumed that we would need 16,000 Bone Dry Tons (BDT) of fuel to operate a 2 MW plant. However, our current estimate from the WoodRoll® pilot plant in Sweden is that we will need 12,000 BDT to support a 2.4 MW plant - a 60% improvement in efficiency over what a year or so ago was the accepted fuel efficiency for biomass plants. That really helps the bottom line!

The pictures above show a 3D model of the WoodRoll gasifier (without the neutral colored siding) and the GE Jenbacher engine/generator we are planning on using.

Cortus Energy has established a California corporation that will build, own and operate the facility, likely in partnership with other U.S. companies. The Mariposa Biomass Project, once County permits have been obtained and investment funds are available, will sell the land we have recently acquired to the new California corporation and pay back our local investors who’s generosity allowed us to purchase the land necessary to obtain the site control necessary to get our grants and permits.

The primary requirement is proximity to a electrical utility company’s substation, a PG&E substation in our case, so that we can feed the electricity we generate into the grid and generate revenue via a Feed In Tariff negotiated with PG&E. Industrial zoning is also a requirement. A 2.4 megawatt biomass plant, the associated generator(s), peripheral structures and facilities, water tanks, office, employee parking, etc. and will fit about a half acre of land.

Since the supply of biomass is likely to be seasonal and biomass-based electricity produced year around, the biomass reactor needs to be located at or near a place to store the biomass in the form of chips. Depending on the nature of our fuel supply agreements, we will also need an area for local biomass storage of between 1 and 3 acres.

The Mariposa Biomass group, using funds from local investors, has purchased a parcel in the Mariposa Industrial Park (67), and has leased, with option to buy, a second parcel, so we now have the site control required by various grants and necessary to obtain County Permits. The biomass plant will be located on the parcel 067 (bottom left) and our fuel storage area will be on parcel 066 (top left).

One of the advantages of locating in the Mariposa Industrial Park is that it is zoned for industrial use, as opposed to light industrial, and has well defined standards for the heights of building and allowable noise levels. We are in the process of doing a noise study as a part of our County Use Permit, but based on noise levels on well characterized pieces of equipment, such as the GE Jenbacher engines and measurements Cortus has done at their pilot plant, we are confident that we can meet the required noise levels at our property boundaries and at Highway 49. While the generator will operate 24/7, truck and front end loader traffic on the site will be limited to daytime hours as is the case with neighboring Outback Materials also located in the Mariposa Industrial Park.

The problem is that is you cannot associate a single cost with forest biomass. The actual costs depend on the details - how close is the fuel to a road, how steep is the slope where it is located, how far is the haul to the plant, does this wood need to be removed for reasons of public safety, etc.. Our project started with a fuel availability study, generously paid for by the Mariposa FireSafe Council, that assured us that we would have a sustainable source of affordable fuel for the foreseeable future. We have sized our plant based on that study.

Yes, removing biomass from the side of Miami Mountain would be cost prohibitive, but there is a lot of biomass located near roads, homes, businesses and public utility right of ways (around power lines) that need to be harvested and disposed of. Without a local biomass plant this woody biomass is being shipped to Fresno or Sonora for disposal at biomass plants there. Right now, given the glut of dead wood associated with tree mortality, biomass is practically being given away to anyone who will take it. Other biomass is currently being burned on site or taken to our County landfill where it will be stored and burned in an air curtain burner when it can be safely done (not during fire season). Neither of these things make sense financially, but they are being done as the fuel cannot be left where it was harvested for reasons of public safety.

Right now the County is burning logs at the landfill, which gets rid of the wood, but is certainly not the highest and best use for that fuel. By converting that same fuel to clean green renewable baseload (available 24/7/365) electricity at the proposed biomass plant, located at the industrial park near the landfill, we will be able to generate ~$3.7 million dollars in revenue based on an average of 3 chip trucks of fuel a day. Yes it cost money to chip logs, but our potential fuel suppliers say that the cost of chipping is about $18 a bone dry ton. Once chipped, that same bone dry ton fuel will generate over $300 in revenue in our biomass-to-electricity facility. That makes financial sense for us, and likely for the County as well, if they choose to sell us that fuel rather than store it or burn it.

Fortunately, legislation passed in 2012, S.B 1122, allows for very favorable Feed In Tariff rates for small community-based biomass plants like the one we are planning. It has taken a while to get the auction process going that was authorized by S.B. 1122 due to a financial requirement that small biomass plant could not easily meet. At the request of the Governor’s Tree Mortality Task Force, recent legislation, rulings by the Public Utilities Commission and Administrative Law Judge associate with the PUC, have cleared these prior hurdles and the auction has now started with three community scale biomass plant in the auction queue. We will be able to join the queue once our system impact study is completed.

Working with our technology partner, Cortus Energy, we estimate that the total cost of developing the biomass facility will be ~$16 million. Funding for this project has come from a planning grant for $244,080 from the U.S. Forest Service that we are using to pay for County permits and our CEQA review as well as our PG&E system impact study. We recently received an EPIC grant from the California Energy Commission for $5 million for the construction of a demonstration biomass plant in Mariposa County. The rest of the funding will be provided by Cortus and their investors and U.S. partners. There is no County money involved or at risk.

We expect to employ 8-10 full time employees at the facility with an average salary of $60,000/year. We would also estimate that our facility will also support 20-30 year around jobs harvesting the biomass and transporting it to our facility.

A 2.4 megawatt facility should use approximately 36 bone dry tons of biomass for 24 hours of operation. This means that on average, we will need 3 chip truck loads a day to sustain operation. That is about the same number of cars and trucks that go down Highway 49N every minute during the day.

Perhaps the most important point is that this will not increase traffic as the log trucks and chip trucks are already rolling down our roads, taking logs and biomass to Sacramento, Sonora and Fresno. While most of the trees that have died in the recent tree mortality disaster will be left in place, many need to be removed for reasons of public safety. That biomass needs to go somewhere and currently chipped biomass from Mariposa County is being trucked to Sonora (Chinese Station) and Fresno. Wood debris and logs are also being taken to and stored at the Mariposa landfill to be burned with an air curtain burner.

If those same trucks that are going to Fresno or Sonora could deliver biomass to a local facility, adjacent to the landfill, that would mean much shorter trips, saving time, fuel and air pollution. If the biomass being stored at the landfill could be cleanly converted to electricity and therefore dollars, that would be a win for everybody, as those dollars create jobs and help pay for the removal of excess vegetation and fuel from around public infrastructure.

Does this mean that our plant can take all of the biomass that is currently being shipped to Sonora and Fresno? Not even close, as we are planning much smaller plant than those facilities. The point is that the traffic coming to our biomass plant will not be incremental trips. Those trucks are already on our roads. Shorter trips, yes. More trips, no.

It is pretty obvious that, as stated above, log trucks are rolling down our roads right now, as logs and chips need to be removed from where they were felled for reasons of public safety. Currently these trucks are taking much longer and more difficult trips to Sonora or Fresno than would be involved in getting to the Industrial Park near the County Sold Waste Facility. Having a local biomass plant would actually reduce the number of miles those trucks need to travel on our roads and therefore likely reduce the number of accidents.

We recently heard an objection to our project based on the assumption that a biomass power plant would necessarily use a lot of water. We have prepared a brief presentation on water use by biomass plants to address this issue. The quick answer is that many power plants, including some biomass plants, do use a lot of water, but our plant will not as we are using a very different technology for generating the electricity - a reciprocating engine rather than a steam turbine.

A 2.4 MW facility will produce approximately 18% of the County's electrical usage, based on 2015 data from the California Energy Commission.

Biochar is a fine-grained charcoal like substance, with a very high carbon content pure carbon. In practice, biochar is the name given to charcoal when it is used for a particular purpose, e.g. a soil amendment rather than when it is to be burned as fuel. Like all charcoal, biochar is created by pyrolysis of biomass. Biochar is a stable solid full of pores that can be used to soak up water, nutrients and metals and thus is useful in a wide variety of applications.

When used as an agricultural soil amendment, it improves soil fertility, the soil's ability to hold water and nutrients, and agricultural productivity in general. Pre-Columbian Amazonians are believed to have used biochar to enhance soil productivity. European settlers called it terra preta de Indio. When used in as a soil amendment. biochar can endure in soil for thousands of years, thus giving it the ability to sequester carbon recently in the atmosphere.

Use of biochar has also be identified as a key ingredient necessary to meet the mercury air pollution standards recently invoked by the EPA for coal-fired power plants, as well as for water filtration and cleaning up mine tailings, as can be seen below in photos from the Hope Mine near Aspen Colorado.

Currently the Phoenix Energy plants in Merced and Modesto are able to sell their biochar to local agriculture, largely in response to the drought and the fact that addition of biochar to the soil helps with water retention and thus allows use of significantly less water. However, to assure that our project is financially viable we need to find a market for biochar that is more dependable and deal with businesses that are willing to commit to long term contracts. In this respect, the water and air filtration business seems like a more dependable market for our biochar. Right now most all water districts get their activated carbon from China and it is typically made by charing coconut shells/husks. Another very common source of activated carbon is coal. We would hope to be able to supply local County and nearby water and wastewater treatment plants with biochar from our operation.

Yes and no. As biochar comes out of the biomass pyrolysis unit, it is quite porous and "active" and capable of absorbing a significant quantity of organic molecules. For some applications however, larger pore sizes and a more open structure is required and for these applications, the biochar can be further activated, e.g. by treating it with high temperature steam. We are currently collaborating with the Mariposa Public Utilities District and a professor at U.C. Merced on characterizing the biochar from the Phoenix Energy plants for its use in the water and air filtration, and how that biochar might be best activated for those uses.

The graph above shows the atmospheric CO2 levels over the last 800 thousand years.

Before the start of the industrial revolution, the CO2 levels varied via natural causes between 180 and 280 ppm. However once we started burning fossil fuels for energy production, the CO2 levels starting rising to well above the historical natural variations exactly as predicted by Swedish scientists in the 1890s. The current CO2 level is now above 400 ppm and we are on a path to 450 ppm before we have any chance of reversing that trend, with dire consequences for the earth and its climate.

Can use of biochar as a soil supplement sequester carbon and help reduce atmospheric carbon levels to safer levels? It seems that the answer is yes!

When used as a soil amendment, biochar places carbon in the ground that was recently removed from the atmosphere by photosynthesis and keeps that carbon sequestered for 100s if not thousands of years. The 2014 IPCC Report (UN) on climate change not only emphasized the need to use renewable energy, it also identified biochar-based carbon sequestration as perhaps the only viable way of removing carbon from the atmosphere and reversing global warming.

It is early days, but a biomass reactor based on pyrolysis and biochar production has significant advantages in terms of the environment and climate change over the older style biomass reactors that simply burn biomass to generate electricity, but in the process quickly release significant amounts of greenhouse gasses into the atmosphere.

If done on an industrial scale, then the answer is certainly, yes it is geoengineering, in that the idea would be to sequester massive amounts of carbon and reverse global warming. The 2014 IPCC Report (UN), and articles that sumarize that report, mentioned that large-scale use of biochar for agriculture could be the only practical way of reversing global warming while increasing food production in areas with poor soils.

Other ideas that were mentioned in that report were fertilizing the ocean to promote algae growth and massive reforestation, but neither of these ideas are considered practical. The other geoengineering idea that is often mentioned is seeding the atmosphere was aerosols to block some of the sunlight reaching the earth surface. In comparison to these other ideas, use of biochar sounds pretty good. More scientific study of the idea is necessary before any large-scale production is undertaken, but in the meantime, small scale biomass facilities such as we are considering here will help facilitate fire safety and forest health while minimizing carbon dioxide and particulate emissions.

Anthropomorphic (caused by man's activities) global warming or climate change is not a matter of opinion or belief, but rather a widely agreed upon scientific consensus. Regardless, of whether any individual accepts the scientific consensus, the need to reduce carbon emissions and increase carbon sequestration is the law in California and more recently the nation. Projects in California that ignore the scientific and legal reality of climate change will not be approved and/or will be stopped via lawsuits from various environmental groups.

Regardless of one's political views on this subject, we all recognize the need to thin our forests for the sake of fire safety, water production and improved recreation. It is far better for all sides to get behind a project that is not only consistent with the law, but will also benefit economically from the various incentives available, or becoming available, for renewable energy and carbon sequestration. In terms of energy, water and land use, pyrolysis of forest biomass is more efficient than making ethanol from corn as a fuel.

A system similar to the one proposed here is being planned for North Fork and originally an environmental group opposed that facility, but withdrew their objections, largely because of the carbon sequestration associated with the biochar.